Voltage and frequency control in conventional and PV integrated power systems by a particle swarm optimized Ziegler–Nichols based PID controller

Abstract Variations of load demands, expansion power system by interconnections among different areas and integration renewable energy sources bring new challenges for stable, reliable uninterrupted operations systems. In this paper, a control technique is proposed to optimize the performances three models having importance in present future These are output variations an automatic voltage regulation (AVR) system, frequency (LFC) thermal plant PV integrated plant. The controller particle swarm optimized Ziegler–Nichols (ZN) method based proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. A optimization (PSO) suffers from unavailability prior knowledge initial values parameters. Whereas, classical ZN leaves scope performance improvements system. rejuvenation integrating PSO. combined effect optimizes performances, while ensuring stability. Additionally, objective functions inspired industry requirements considered demonstrate systems (e.g. maximum overshoot, steady-state error, settling time). robustness demonstrated considering parametric uncertainty compared with controllers PI, fuzzy PID), iterative soft computing methods pattern search, artificial bee colony, variants PSO) linear matrix inequality) disturbances aforementioned models. It also observed that better obtained using significantly less number iterations.